Dabeecadda chromium
Chromium, calaamadda curiyaha Cr, lambarka atomka 24, cufnaanta atomiga ee qaraabada ah 51.996, waxay ka tirsan tahay curiyaha birta kala-guurka ee kooxda VIB ee jadwalka xilliyeedka ee walxaha kiimikada. Birta Chromium waa kiristaalo saddexjibbaaran oo ku salaysan jirka, caddaan-cad, cufnaan 7.1g/cm³, dhibic dhalaalaysa 1860℃, dhibic karkaraya 2680℃, awood kuleyl gaar ah oo ah 25℃ 23.35J/(mol·K), kuleyl uumi-baxa 342.1kJ/mol, koronto-qaadis kuleyl 91.3 W/(m·K) (0-100°C), iska caabin (20°C) 13.2uΩ·cm, oo leh sifooyin farsamo oo wanaagsan.
Waxaa jira shan valence oo chromium ah: +2, +3, +4, +5 iyo +6. Xaaladaha ficilka endogenous, chromium guud ahaan waa valence +3. Isku-dhafka leh +trivalent chromium ayaa ah kuwa ugu xasilloon. +Sixvalent chromium composites, oo ay ku jiraan cusbada chromium, waxay leeyihiin sifooyin oksaydheyn xooggan. Radiyada ionic ee Cr3+, AI3+ iyo Fe3+ waa isku mid, sidaa darteed waxay yeelan karaan noocyo badan oo isku mid ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, walxaha lagu beddeli karo chromium waa manganese, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, zinc, iwm., sidaa darteed chromium si ballaaran ayaa loogu qaybiyaa macdanta magnesium iron silicate iyo macdanta dheeraadka ah.
Codsiga
Chromium waa mid ka mid ah biraha ugu isticmaalka badan warshadaha casriga ah. Waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa soo saarista birta aan miridhku lahayn iyo biraha kala duwan ee isku-dhafka ah qaabka ferroalloys (sida ferrochrome). Chromium wuxuu leeyahay astaamo adag, u adkaysta xirashada, u adkaysta kulaylka iyo u adkaysta daxalka. Macdanta Chrome waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa warshadaha birta, agabka iska caabbinta, warshadaha kiimikada iyo warshadaha macdanta.
Warshadaha birta, macdanta chromium waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu dhalaaliyo ferrochrome iyo chromium-ka birta ah. Chromium waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii bir lagu daro si loo soo saaro noocyo kala duwan oo bir ah oo xoog badan, u adkaysta daxalka, u adkaysta xirashada, heerkulka sare, iyo birta gaarka ah ee u adkaysta oksaydhka, sida birta aan miridhku lahayn, birta aashitada u adkaysta, birta kulaylka u adkaysta, birta kubbadda qaada, birta guga, birta qalabka, iwm. Chromium waxay kor u qaadi kartaa sifooyinka farsamada waxayna xirmi kartaa iska caabbinta birta. Chromium-ka birta waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu dhalaaliyo birta gaarka ah ee leh kobalt, nikkel, tungsten iyo walxo kale. Dahaarka iyo chromizing-ka chromium waxay ka dhigi kartaa birta, naxaasta, aluminiumka iyo biraha kale inay sameeyaan dusha sare ee u adkaysta daxalka, kaas oo dhalaalaya oo qurux badan.
Warshadaha iska caabbinta, macdanta chromium waa walax muhiim ah oo iska caabbinta loo isticmaalo in lagu sameeyo lebenka chrome, lebenka chrome magnesia, kuwa iska caabbinta horumarsan iyo agab kale oo gaar ah oo iska caabbinta (isku-dhafka chrome). Kuwa iska caabbinta ku salaysan chrome waxay inta badan ka kooban yihiin leben leh macdanta chrome iyo magnesia, clinker sintered magnesia-chrome, lebenka magnesia-chrome ee dhalaalay, kuwa dhalaalay, kuwa si fiican loo shiiday ka dibna lebenka magnesia-chrome ee isku xidhan. Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa foornooyinka dabka furan, foornooyinka induction, iwm. Qalabka beddela birta iyo foornada wareega ee warshadaha sibidhka, iwm.
Warshadaha macdanta, macdanta chromium lama falgali doonto walxaha kale ee birta dhalaalaysa inta lagu jiro habka daadinta, waxay leedahay isku-darka ballaarinta kulaylka oo hooseeya, waxay u adkaysataa gelitaanka birta, waxayna leedahay waxqabad qaboojin oo ka wanaagsan zircon. Macdanta chrome ee warshadda macdanta waxay leedahay shuruudo adag oo ku saabsan halabuurka kiimikada iyo qaybinta cabbirka walxaha.
Warshadaha kiimikada, isticmaalka tooska ah ee chromium waa in la soo saaro xalka sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7·H2O), ka dibna loo diyaariyo isku-dhisyo kale oo chromium ah oo loo isticmaalo warshadaha sida midabyada, dharka, electroplating, iyo sameynta maqaarka, iyo sidoo kale kiciyeyaasha.
Budada macdanta chromium ee si fiican loo shiiday waa wakiil midabayn dabiici ah oo ku saabsan soo saarista galaaska, dhoobada iyo foornada muraayadaha. Marka sodium dichromate loo isticmaalo in lagu burburiyo maqaarka, borotiinka (collagen) iyo karbohaydraytyada ku jira maqaarka asalka ah waxay la falgalaan walxaha kiimikada si ay u sameeyaan isku-dhafan xasilloon, kaas oo noqda saldhigga alaabada maqaarka. Warshadaha dharka, sodium dichromate waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii maado lagu rinjiyeeyo dharka, kaas oo si wax ku ool ah ugu dhejin kara molecules-ka rinjiga isku-dhafka dabiiciga ah; waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa sidii oksaydh-saare sameynta midabyada iyo dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha.
Macdanta Chromium
Waxaa jira in ka badan 50 nooc oo macdan ah oo ku jira chromium kuwaas oo laga helay dabeecadda, laakiin intooda badan waxay leeyihiin chromium yar iyo qaybinta kala firdhisan, taas oo leh qiimo yar oo loo isticmaalo warshadaha. Macdanahan ku jira chromium waxay ka tirsan yihiin oksaydhyada, chromates iyo silicates, marka lagu daro dhowr hydroxides, iodates, nitrides iyo sulfide. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, macdanta chromium nitride iyo chromium sulfide waxaa laga helaa oo keliya meteorites.
Maadaama ay tahay nooc macdan ah oo ku jira qoyska hoose ee macdanta chromium, chromite waa macdanta kaliya ee muhiimka ah ee warshadaha ee chromium. Qaacidada kiimikada ee aragtiyeed waa (MgFe)Cr2O4, taas oo maadada Cr2O3 ay tahay 68%, FeO-na ay tahay 32%. Halabuurka kiimikada, cation-ka saddex-geesoodka ah inta badan waa Cr3+, waxaana inta badan jira beddelka isomorphic Al3+, Fe3+ iyo Mg2+, Fe2+. Chromat-ka dhabta ah ee la soo saaray, qayb ka mid ah Fe2+ waxaa badanaa lagu beddelaa Mg2+, Cr3+ waxaa lagu beddelaa Al3+ iyo Fe3+ ilaa heerar kala duwan. Heerka dhammaystiran ee beddelka isomorphic ee qaybaha kala duwan ee chromite ma aha mid joogto ah. Cations-ka isku-dubaridka afar-geesoodka ah inta badan waa magnesium iyo bir, iyo beddelka isomorphic ee dhammaystiran ee u dhexeeya magnesium-iron. Sida laga soo xigtay habka afar-qaybsan, chromite waxaa loo qaybin karaa afar kooxood: magnesium chromite, iron-magnesium chromite, mafic-iron chromite iyo iron-chromite. Intaa waxaa dheer, chromite badanaa wuxuu ka kooban yahay xaddi yar oo manganese ah, Isku darka isku midka ah ee titanium, vanadium iyo zinc. Qaab-dhismeedka chromite waa nooca spinel-ka caadiga ah.
4. Heerka tayada ee kooramku ku badan yahay
Sida laga soo xigtay hababka kala duwan ee wax lagu farsameeyo (macdanta iyo macdanta dabiiciga ah), macdanta chromium ee loogu talagalay birta waxaa loo qaybiyaa laba nooc: xoogsaar (G) iyo burooyin (K). Eeg jadwalka hoose.
Shuruudaha tayada ee macdanta chromite ee loogu talagalay birta
Tiknoolajiyada wax-soo-saarka ee chrome-ka
1) Dib-u-doorasho
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, kala soocidda cuf-isjiidadka ayaa boos muhiim ah ka haysata ka faa'iidaysiga macdanta chromium. Habka kala soocidda cuf-isjiidadka, kaas oo u adeegsada lakab dabacsan oo ku jira biyaha sida dhaqanka aasaasiga ah, ayaa weli ah habka ugu weyn ee lagu kobciyo macdanta chromium adduunka oo dhan. Qalabka kala soocidda cuf-isjiidadka waa weel wareegsan iyo ururiye centrifugal ah, cabbirka walxaha farsamaysanina waa mid aad u ballaaran. Guud ahaan, farqiga cufnaanta ee u dhexeeya macdanta chromium iyo macdanta gangue waa ka weyn yahay 0.8g/cm3, kala soocidda cuf-isjiidadka ee cabbirka walxaha ka weyn 100um waxay noqon kartaa mid lagu qanco. Natiijada. Burooyinka qallafsan (100 ~ 0.5mm) waxaa lagu kala saaraa ama horay loogu doortaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo ka faa'iidaysiga culus ee dhexdhexaadka ah, kaas oo ah hab ka faa'iidaysiga dhaqaale ahaan.
2) Kala soocidda birlabta
Kala soocidda birlabta waa hab loo adeegsado kala soocidda macdanta ee ku jirta goob birlabta ah oo aan isku mid ahayn iyadoo lagu saleynayo farqiga birlabta ee macdanta ku jirta macdanta. Chromite wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin birlab oo daciif ah waxaana lagu kala saari karaa kala soocayaasha birlabta ee giraanta toosan, kala soocayaasha birlabta qoyan iyo qalab kale. Isu-dheellitirka birlabta ee gaarka ah ee macdanta chromium ee laga soo saaro meelaha kala duwan ee laga soo saaro macdanta chromium ee adduunka ma aha kuwo aad u kala duwan, waxayna la mid yihiin isku-xidhka gaarka ah ee u nuglaanta birlabta ee wolframite iyo wolframite ee laga soo saaro gobollo kala duwan.
Waxaa jira laba xaaladood oo ku saabsan isticmaalka kala soocidda birlabta si loo helo cufnaanta chromium-ka heerka sare ah: mid waa in laga saaro macdanta birlabta xooggan (badanaa magnetite) ee ku jirta macdanta hoosteeda garoon birlabeed daciif ah si loo kordhiyo saamiga ferrochrome, tan kalena waa in la isticmaalo garoon birlabeed xooggan. Kala soocidda macdanta gangue iyo soo kabashada macdanta chromium (macdanta birlabta daciifka ah).
3) Xulashada korontada
Kala soocidda korontada waa hab lagu kala saaro macdanta chromium iyo silicate gangue iyadoo la adeegsanayo sifooyinka korontada ee macdanta, sida kala duwanaanshaha socodka iyo joogtada dielectric.
4) Sabeynta
Inta lagu jiro kala soocidda cufisjiidadka, macdanta chromite ee jilicsan (-100um) badanaa waa la tuuraa sida daab, laakiin chromite-ka cabbirkan wali wuxuu leeyahay qiimo isticmaal oo sarreeya, sidaa darteed habka sabeynta waxaa loo isticmaali karaa macdanta chromite ee heerka hoose ee heerka hoose ayaa la soo celiyaa. Sabeynta macdanta chromium oo leh 20% ~40% Cr2O3 ee daabyada iyo macdanta serpentine, olivine, rutile iyo calcium magnesium carbonate sida macdanta gangue. Macdanta si fiican ayaa loo shiiday ilaa 200μm, galaaska biyaha, phosphate, metaphosphate, fluorosilicate, iwm. ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu kala firdhiyo oo la joojiyo daabka, aashitada dufanka aan buuxinna waxaa loo isticmaalaa ururin ahaan. Kala firdhinta iyo xakamaynta daadka gangue aad ayey muhiim ugu tahay habka sabeynta. Aayadaha birta ah sida birta iyo rasaasta ayaa kicin kara chromite. Marka qiimaha pH ee daadka uu ka hooseeyo 6, chromite-ku si dhib yar ayuu u sabeyn doonaa. Marka la soo koobo, isticmaalka reagent-ka sabeynta waa weyn yahay, heerka xoogga la saaray waa mid aan degganayn, heerka soo kabashadana waa hooseeyaa. Ca2+ iyo Mg2+ oo laga milmay macdanta gangue waxay yareeyaan xulashada habka sabeynta.
5) Ka faa'iidaysiga kiimikada
Habka kiimikada waa in si toos ah loogu daaweeyo macdanta chromite qaarkood oo aan lagu kala saari karin habka jireed ama qiimaha habka jireed waa mid aad u sarreeya. Saamiga Cr/Fe ee xoogga la saaray ee lagu soo saaro habka kiimikada ayaa ka sarreeya kan habka caadiga ah ee jireed. Hababka kiimikada waxaa ka mid ah: daadinta xulashada, yaraynta oksaydhka, kala-soocidda dhalaalka, daadinta aashitada sulfuric iyo chromic acid, yaraynta iyo daadinta aashitada sulfuric, iwm. Isku-darka hababka fiisikiska-kiimikada iyo daaweynta tooska ah ee macdanta chromium iyadoo la adeegsanayo hababka kiimikada ayaa ah mid ka mid ah isbeddellada ugu waaweyn ee maanta lagu sameeyo dheef-shiid kiimikaadka. Hababka kiimikada ayaa si toos ah uga soo saari kara chromium macdanta waxayna soo saari karaan chromium carbide iyo chromium oxide.
Waqtiga boostada: Abriil-30-2021