Inta lagu jiro muddada "Qorshaha Shanta Sano ee 14aad", sida ku cad qorshaha istaraatiijiyadeed ee "kaarboonka ugu sarreeya iyo kaarboonka dhexdhexaadka ah", warshadaha sawir-qaadista waxay horseedi doonaan horumar qarxa. Faafitaanka warshadaha sawir-qaadista ayaa "abuuray hanti" silsiladda warshadaha oo dhan. Silsiladdan dhalaalaya, galaaska sawir-qaadista waa isku xir lama huraan ah. Maanta, iyadoo u doodeysa ilaalinta tamarta iyo ilaalinta deegaanka, baahida loo qabo galaaska sawir-qaadista ayaa sii kordheysa maalinba maalinta ka dambeysa, waxaana jira dheelitir la'aan u dhaxaysa saadka iyo baahida. Isla mar ahaantaana, ciidda birta yar iyo tan aadka u cad, oo ah walxo muhiim u ah galaaska sawir-qaadista, ayaa sidoo kale kor u kacday, qiimuhuna wuu kordhay sahayduna way yar tahay. Khubarada warshaduhu waxay saadaalinayaan in ciidda birta yar ee quartz ay yeelan doonto koror muddo dheer ah oo ka badan 15% in ka badan 10 sano. Dabaysha xooggan ee sawir-qaadista, soo saarista ciidda birta yar ee quartz ayaa soo jiidatay dareen badan.
1. Ciid Quartz ah oo loogu talagalay galaaska sawir-qaadista
Muraayadda sawir-qaadista waxaa guud ahaan loo isticmaalaa sidii guddi daboolan oo ka mid ah qaybaha sawir-qaadista, waxayna si toos ah ula xiriirtaa deegaanka dibadda. Iska caabbinta cimilada, xoogga, gudbinta iftiinka iyo tilmaamayaasha kale waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan nolosha modules-ka sawir-qaadista iyo hufnaanta korontada muddada dheer. Aayooyinka birta ah ee ku jira ciidda quartz-ka way fududahay in la midabeeyo, si loo hubiyo gudbinta qorraxda ee sare ee muraayadda asalka ah, birta ku jirta muraayadda sawir-qaadista ayaa ka hooseysa tan muraayadda caadiga ah, waana in la isticmaalaa ciid quartz bir ah oo hooseeya oo leh daahirnimo silicon sare iyo wasakh yar.
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, waxaa jira ciid yar oo bir ah oo tayo sare leh oo si fudud looga qodi karo dalkeenna, waxaana inta badan lagu qaybiyaa Heyuan, Guangxi, Fengyang, Anhui, Hainan iyo meelo kale. Mustaqbalka, iyadoo la kordhinayo awoodda wax soo saarka ee galaaska cad ee aadka u cad ee unugyada qorraxda, ciid quartz tayo sare leh oo leh aag wax soo saar xaddidan ayaa noqon doonta kheyraad aad u yar. Sahayda ciid quartz tayo sare leh oo deggan ayaa xaddidi doonta tartanka shirkadaha galaaska photovoltaic mustaqbalka. Sidaa darteed, sida si wax ku ool ah loogu yareeyo waxa ku jira birta, aluminiumka, titanium iyo walxaha kale ee wasakhda ah ee ku jira ciidda quartz iyo diyaarinta ciidda quartz saafiga ah ee sare waa mowduuc cilmi baaris oo kulul.
2. Soo saarista ciid quartz bir yar oo loogu talagalay galaaska sawir-qaadista
2.1 Nadiifinta Ciidda Quartz ee Muraayadda Sawirka
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, hababka nadiifinta quartz-ka dhaqameed ee si bisil loogu isticmaalo warshadaha waxaa ka mid ah kala soocidda, xoqidda, daminta biyaha calcination-ka, shiididda, sifeynta, kala soocidda magnetic-ka, kala soocidda cufisjiidadka, sabeynta, daadinta aashitada, daadinta microbial-ka, daadinta heerkulka sare, iwm., nadiifinta qoto dheer Hawsha waxaa ka mid ah dubista chlorine-ka, kala soocidda midabka la shucaaciyay, kala soocidda magnetic-ka ee superconducting, faakuumka heerkulka sare iyo wixii la mid ah. Hawsha guud ee nadiifinta ciidda quartz-ka guriga ayaa sidoo kale laga soo bilaabay "shiidida hore, kala soocidda magnetic-ka, dhaqidda" ilaa "kala soocidda → burburinta qalafsan → kalsiyeynta → daminta biyaha → shiididda → shaandhaynta → kala soocidda magnetic-ka → sabeynta → aashitada Hawsha isku-darka ah ee quusinta → dhaqidda → qallajinta, oo lagu daray microwave-ka, ultrasonic-ka iyo habab kale oo loogu talagalay daaweynta ka hor ama nadiifinta kaaliyeyaasha, si weyn ayay u wanaajisaa saameynta nadiifinta. Marka la eego shuruudaha birta yar ee galaaska photovoltaic, cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta hababka ka saarista ciidda quartz ayaa inta badan la soo bandhigay.
Guud ahaan birtu waxay ku jirtaa lixda nooc ee soo socda ee caadiga ah ee macdanta quartz:
① Waxay ku jirtaa qaab walxo yaryar oo ku jira dhoobo ama feldspar kaolinized ah
②Ku lifaaqan dusha sare ee walxaha quartz qaab filim oksaydh bir ah
③Macdanta birta sida hematite, magnetite, specularite, qinite, iwm. ama macdano ay ku jiraan birta sida mica, amphibole, garnet, iwm.
④Waxay ku jirtaa xaalad quusitaan ama muraayad gudaha walxaha quartz-ka
⑤ Waxay ku jirtaa xaalad xal adag ah oo gudaha kiristaalka quartz ah
⑥ Xaddi gaar ah oo bir ah oo labaad ah ayaa lagu qasi doonaa habka burburinta iyo shiididda
Si wax ku ool ah loo kala saaro macdanta ka kooban birta iyo quartz, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in marka hore la hubiyo xaaladda ka jirta wasakhda birta ee ku jirta macdanta quartz oo la doorto hab macquul ah oo lagu kala saaro iyo habka kala soocidda si loo gaaro ka saarista wasakhda birta.
(1) Habka kala soocidda birlabta
Habka kala soocidda birlabta waxay ka saari kartaa macdanta wasakhda birlabta ee daciifka ah sida hematite, limonite iyo biotite oo ay ku jiraan walxaha isku xiran ilaa heerka ugu sarreeya. Sida laga soo xigtay xoogga birlabta, kala soocidda birlabta waxaa loo qaybin karaa kala soocidda birlabta ee xooggan iyo kala soocidda birlabta ee daciifka ah. Kala soocidda birlabta ee xooggan badanaa waxay qaadataa kala soocidda birlabta ee xooggan ee qoyan ama kala soocidda birlabta ee heerka sare ah.
Guud ahaan, ciidda quartz-ka oo ay ku jiraan macdanta wasakhda magnetic-ga oo inta badan daciif ah sida limonite, hematite, biotite, iwm., waxaa lagu dooran karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo mashiinka birlabta oo xooggan oo nooca qoyan ah oo qiimaheedu ka sarreeyo 8.0 × 105A/m; Macdanta birlabta ee xooggan ee ay ku badan tahay macdanta birta, waxaa ka wanaagsan in la isticmaalo mashiinka birlabta oo daciif ah ama mashiinka birlabta ee dhexdhexaadka ah si loo kala saaro. [2] Maalmahan, iyadoo la adeegsanayo kala-soocidda magnetic-ga ee heerka sare ah iyo kuwa xoogga leh, kala-soocidda magnetic-ga iyo nadiifinta ayaa si weyn loo hagaajiyay marka loo eego waagii hore. Tusaale ahaan, isticmaalka kala-soocidda magnetic-ga ee xoogga leh ee korantada si looga saaro birta xoogga leh ee magnetic-ga 2.2T waxay yareyn kartaa nuxurka Fe2O3 laga bilaabo 0.002% ilaa 0.0002%.
(2) Habka sabeynta
Sabaynta waa hab lagu kala sooco walxaha macdanta iyada oo loo marayo sifooyin jireed iyo kiimiko oo kala duwan oo ku yaal dusha sare ee walxaha macdanta. Shaqada ugu weyn waa in laga saaro mica iyo feldspar macdanta la xiriirta ciidda quartz. Kala soocida sabbeynta ee macdanta birta ku jirta iyo quartz, ogaanshaha qaabka wasakhda birta iyo qaabka qaybinta ee cabbirka walxaha kasta waa furaha lagu dooranayo habka kala soocidda saxda ah ee looga saarayo birta. Inta badan macdanta birta ku jirta waxay leeyihiin eber dhibic koronto ah oo ka sarreysa 5, taas oo si togan loogu dallaco jawi aashito leh, aragti ahaanna ku habboon isticmaalka ururiyaha anionic.
Asiidh dufan leh (saabuun), hydrocarbyl sulfonate ama sulfate ayaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii ururiyaha anionic si loogu sabbeeyo macdanta birta oksaydhka. Pyrite wuxuu noqon karaa sabbeynta pyrite ee quartz jawi lagu shubo iyadoo la adeegsanayo wakiilka sabeynta caadiga ah ee isobutyl xanthate iyo budada madow ee butylamine (4:1). Qiyaasta waa qiyaastii 200ppmw.
Saxitaanka ilmenite guud ahaan wuxuu isticmaalaa sodium oleate (0.21mol/L) oo ah wakiilka saxitaanka si uu u hagaajiyo pH ilaa 4 ~ 10. Falgal kiimiko ah ayaa ka dhaca inta u dhaxaysa oleate ions iyo walxaha birta ah ee dusha sare ee ilmenite si loo soo saaro oleate birta ah, kaas oo si kiimiko ah loogu nuugo ions Oleate waxay ilmenite ka dhigtaa mid si fiican u sabeyn karta. Ururiyayaasha fosfonic acid ee ku salaysan hydrocarbon ee la sameeyay sannadihii la soo dhaafay waxay leeyihiin xulasho wanaagsan iyo waxqabad ururin oo loogu talagalay ilmenite.
(3) Habka daadinta aashitada
Ujeedada ugu weyn ee habka daadinta aashitada waa in laga saaro macdanta birta ee milmi karta ee ku jirta xalka aashitada. Arrimaha saameeya saameynta nadiifinta ee daadinta aashitada waxaa ka mid ah cabbirka walxaha ciidda quartz, heerkulka, waqtiga, nooca aashitada, fiirsashada aashitada, saamiga dareeraha adag, iwm., iyo kordhinta heerkulka iyo xalka aashitada. Xoojinta iyo yaraynta gacanka walxaha quartz waxay kordhin kartaa heerka daadinta iyo heerka daadinta ee Al. Saamaynta nadiifinta ee hal aashitada waa mid xaddidan, aashitada isku dhafanna waxay leedahay saameyn isku-dhafan, taasoo si weyn u kordhin karta heerka ka saarista walxaha wasakhda ah sida Fe iyo K. Aashitada aan dabiiciga ahayn ee caadiga ah waa HF, H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, H3PO4, HClO4, H2C2O4, guud ahaan laba ama in ka badan ayaa la isku daraa oo loo isticmaalaa saami gaar ah.
Asiidhka Oxalic waa asiidh dabiici ah oo si caadi ah loogu isticmaalo daadinta asiidhka. Waxay samayn kartaa isku-dhafan xasilloon oo leh aayoonnada birta ee milmay, wasakhdana si fudud ayaa loo dhaqi karaa. Waxay leedahay faa'iidooyinka qiyaasta yar iyo heerka sare ee ka saarista birta. Dadka qaar waxay isticmaalaan ultrasound si ay uga caawiyaan nadiifinta asiidhka oxalic, waxayna ogaadeen in marka la barbar dhigo walaaqidda caadiga ah iyo ultrasound-ka taangiga, ultrasound-ka baaritaanka uu leeyahay heerka ugu sarreeya ee ka saarista Fe, xaddiga asiidhka oxalic uu ka yar yahay 4g/L, heerka ka saarista birtana uu gaaro 75.4%.
Joogitaanka aashitada khafiifka ah iyo aashitada hydrofluoric waxay si wax ku ool ah uga saari kartaa wasakhda birta sida Fe, Al, Mg, laakiin xaddiga aashitada hydrofluoric waa in la xakameeyaa sababtoo ah aashitada hydrofluoric waxay mirqin kartaa walxaha quartz. Isticmaalka noocyada kala duwan ee aashitada ayaa sidoo kale saameeya tayada habka nadiifinta. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah aashitada isku dhafan ee HCl iyo HF waxay leedahay saameynta ugu fiican ee farsamaynta. Dadka qaar waxay isticmaalaan wakiilka isku dhafan ee HCl iyo HF si ay u nadiifiyaan ciidda quartz ka dib kala-soocidda birlabta. Iyada oo loo marayo daadinta kiimikada, wadarta guud ee walxaha wasakhda ah waa 40.71μg/g, daahirnimada SiO2na waa ilaa 99.993wt%.
(4) Daadinta microbial-ka
Noolaha yaryar waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu daadiyo birta khafiifka ah ama lagu shubo birta dusha sare ee walxaha ciidda quartz, taas oo ah farsamo dhawaan la sameeyay oo lagu saarayo birta. Daraasado shisheeye ayaa muujiyay in isticmaalka Aspergillus niger, Penicillium, Pseudomonas, Polymyxin Bacillus iyo noolaha kale ee yaryar si loogu daadiyo birta dusha sare ee filimka quartz ay gaareen natiijooyin wanaagsan, kuwaas oo saameynta Aspergillus niger leaching iron ay ugu fiican tahay. Heerka ka saarista Fe2O3 inta badan waa ka sarreeyaa 75%, heerka Fe2O3 ee xoogga la saarayna waa 0.007%. Waxaana la ogaaday in saameynta ka saarista birta iyadoo la isticmaalayo ka hor beerista bakteeriyada iyo caaryada badankood ay ka fiicnaan lahayd.
2.2 Horumar kale oo cilmi-baaris ah oo ku saabsan ciidda quartz ee loogu talagalay galaaska sawir-qaadista
Si loo yareeyo xaddiga aashitada, loo yareeyo dhibka daaweynta wasakhda, loona noqdo mid deegaanka u wanaagsan, Peng Shou [5] et al. waxay shaaca ka qaadeen hab lagu diyaariyo ciid quartz bir ah oo 10ppm ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo hab aan la shiidin: quartz xididka dabiiciga ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii walxo ceeriin ah, iyo burburin saddex marxaladood ah, shiididda marxaladda koowaad iyo kala soocidda marxaladda labaad waxay heli kartaa 0.1 ~ 0.7mm grit; grit-ka waxaa kala sooca marxaladda koowaad ee kala soocidda bir ah iyo marxaladda labaad ee ka saarista bir ah oo xooggan oo bir ah oo farsamo ah iyo macdanaha birta ah si loo helo ciid kala soocidda bir ah; kala soocidda bir ah ee ciidda waxaa lagu helaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo sabbeynta marxaladda labaad. Waxyaabaha ku jira Fe2O3 waxay ka hooseeyaan 10ppm ciid quartz bir ah oo hooseeya, sabbeynta waxay isticmaashaa H2SO4 sida nidaamiye, waxay hagaajisaa pH=2~3, waxay isticmaashaa sodium oleate iyo propylene diamine oo ku salaysan saliidda qumbaha sida ururiyayaal. Ciidda quartz ee la diyaariyey ee SiO2≥99.9%, Fe2O3≤10ppm, waxay buuxisaa shuruudaha agabka ceeriin ee siliceous ee looga baahan yahay galaaska indhaha, galaaska bandhigga sawir-qaadista, iyo galaaska quartz.
Dhanka kale, iyadoo la dhimayo kheyraadka quartz-ka tayada sare leh, isticmaalka dhammaystiran ee kheyraadka hooseeya ayaa soo jiitay dareen ballaaran. Xie Enjun oo ka tirsan Qalabka Dhismaha Shiinaha Bengbu Glass Industry Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd. ayaa isticmaalay daal kaolin si uu u diyaariyo ciid quartz bir yar oo loogu talagalay galaaska photovoltaic. Halabuurka macdanta ugu weyn ee daal kaolin Fujian waa quartz, kaas oo ka kooban xaddi yar oo macdan wasakh ah sida kaolinite, mica, iyo feldspar. Ka dib marka daal kaolin lagu farsameeyo habka faa'iidada ee "kala-soocidda shiidi-haydarooliga-kala-soocidda magnetic-flotation", waxa ku jira cabbirka walxaha 0.6 ~ 0.125mm waa ka weyn yahay 95%, SiO2 waa 99.62%, Al2O3 waa 0.065%, Fe2O3 waa 92×10-6 ciid quartz wanaagsan oo buuxisa shuruudaha tayada ee ciidda quartz bir yar oo loogu talagalay galaaska photovoltaic.
Shao Weihua iyo kuwa kale oo ka socda Machadka Zhengzhou ee Isticmaalka Dhammaystiran ee Kheyraadka Macdanta, Akadeemiyada Sayniska Juqraafiga ee Shiinaha, ayaa daabacay patent ikhtiraac ah: hab lagu diyaariyo ciid quartz saafi ah oo ka timid dabinnada kaolin. Tallaabooyinka habka: a. Dabinnada Kaolin waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii macdan ceeriin ah, kaas oo la shaandheeyo ka dib marka la walaaqo oo la xoqo si loo helo walxo +0.6mm ah; b. +0.6mm walax waa la shiiday oo la kala saaray, walxaha macdanta 0.4mm0.1mm waxaa lagu sameeyaa hawlgal kala soocid birlab ah. Si loo helo walxaha birlab iyo kuwa aan birlab ahayn, walxaha aan birlab ahayn waxay galaan hawlgalka kala soocidda cuf-isjiidadka si loo helo macdanta iftiinka kala soocidda cuf-isjiidadka iyo macdanta culus ee kala soocidda cuf-isjiidadka, macdanta iftiinka kala soocidda cuf-isjiidadkana waxay galaan hawlgalka dib-u-shiididda si loo baaro si loo helo macdan +0.1mm ah; c.+0.1mm Macdanta waxay gashaa hawlgalka sabbeynta si loo helo isku-darka sabbeynta. Biyaha sare ee isku-darka sabbeynta waa la saaraa ka dibna si ultrasonic ah ayaa loo miiraa, ka dibna la shaandheeyaa si loo helo walxaha qallafsan +0.1mm sida ciid quartz saafi ah oo sare. Habka ikhtiraacida ma aha oo kaliya inuu helo badeecooyin tayo sare leh oo quartz ah, laakiin sidoo kale wuxuu leeyahay waqti gaaban oo wax lagu farsameeyo, socodka habka fudud, isticmaalka tamarta oo hooseeya, iyo tayada sare ee quartz-ka la helay, kaas oo dabooli kara shuruudaha tayada ee quartz-ka saafiga ah ee sare.
Daloolada Kaolin waxay ka kooban yihiin xaddi badan oo kheyraad quartz ah. Iyada oo loo marayo beneficiation, nadiifin iyo habayn qoto dheer, waxay buuxin kartaa shuruudaha isticmaalka walxaha ceeriin ee galaaska cad ee photovoltaic. Tani waxay sidoo kale bixisaa fikrad cusub oo loogu talagalay isticmaalka dhammaystiran ee kheyraadka daloolada kaolin.
3. Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan ciidda quartz-ka birta yar ee loogu talagalay galaaska sawir-qaadista
Dhinac, qeybta labaad ee 2020, awoodda wax soo saarka ee ballaarinta xaddidan ma la qabsan karto baahida qarxa ee barwaaqada sare. Sahayda iyo baahida muraayadda sawir-qaadista waa mid aan dheelitirnayn, qiimuhuna aad ayuu u sarreeyaa. Sida ay si wadajir ah u sheegeen shirkado badan oo ka tirsan module-ka sawir-qaadista, bishii Diseembar 2020, Wasaaradda Warshadaha iyo Teknolojiyadda Macluumaadka waxay soo saartay dukumeenti caddeynaya in mashruuca muraayadda sawir-qaadista ee la duubay uusan samayn karin qorshe beddel awoodeed. Iyada oo ay saamayso siyaasadda cusub, heerka kobaca ee wax soo saarka muraayadda sawir-qaadista ayaa la ballaarin doonaa laga bilaabo 2021. Sida laga soo xigtay macluumaadka dadweynaha, awoodda muraayadda sawir-qaadista ee la duubay oo leh qorshe cad oo wax soo saar ah 21/22 waxay gaari doontaa 22250/26590t/d, iyadoo heerka kobaca sanadlaha ah uu yahay 68.4/48.6%. Marka laga hadlayo dammaanadaha siyaasadda iyo dhinaca baahida, ciidda sawir-qaadista ayaa la filayaa inay keento kobac qarxa.
Awoodda wax soo saarka warshadaha galaaska ee loo yaqaan 'photovoltaic galaas' 2015-2022
Dhanka kale, kororka weyn ee awoodda wax soo saarka ee galaaska sawir-qaadista ayaa laga yaabaa inuu sababo in sahayda ciidda silica ee birta yar ay dhaafto sahayda, taas oo iyaduna xaddidaysa wax soo saarka dhabta ah ee awoodda wax soo saarka galaaska sawir-qaadista. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobyada, tan iyo 2014, wax soo saarka ciidda quartz ee dalkayga guud ahaan wuxuu ahaa mid ka hooseeya baahida gudaha, saadka iyo baahidana waxay ilaaliyeen dheelitirnaan adag.
Isla markaana, kheyraadka gudaha ee quartz-ka ee aan birta lahayn ee dalkaygu waa yar yihiin, waxayna ku badan yihiin Heyuan oo ka tirsan Guangdong, Beihai oo ka tirsan Guangxi, Fengyang oo ka tirsan Anhui iyo Donghai oo ka tirsan Jiangsu, tiro badan oo ka mid ahna waa in la soo dhoofiyaa.
Ciidda quartz-ka ee birta yar leh ee cad ee aadka u cad waa mid ka mid ah walxaha ceeriin ee muhiimka ah (oo ka dhigan qiyaastii 25% qiimaha alaabta ceeriin ah) sannadihii ugu dambeeyay. Qiimaha ayaa sidoo kale kor u kacayay. Waagii hore, waxay ahayd qiyaastii 200 yuan/tan muddo dheer. Ka dib markii uu dillaacay cudurka faafa ee Q1 muddo 20 sano ah, waxay ka dhacday heer sare, waxayna hadda joogtaa hawlgal xasilloon waqtigaas.
Sanadka 2020, baahida guud ee dalkayga ee ciidda quartz waxay noqon doontaa 90.93 milyan oo tan, wax soo saarku wuxuu noqon doonaa 87.65 milyan oo tan, soo dejinta saafiga ahna waxay noqon doontaa 3.278 milyan oo tan. Sida laga soo xigtay macluumaadka dadweynaha, tirada dhagaxa quartz ee 100kg ee galaaska dhalaalay waa qiyaastii 72.2kg. Sida laga soo xigtay qorshaha ballaarinta hadda, kororka awoodda muraayadda photovoltaic sanadka 2021/2022 waxay gaari kartaa 3.23/24500t/d, sida laga soo xigtay wax soo saarka sanadlaha ah Iyadoo la xisaabiyay muddo 360-maalmood ah, wadarta wax soo saarka waxay la mid noqon doontaa baahida cusub ee korodhay ee ciidda silica ee birta yar ee 836/635 milyan oo tan/sanadkii, taas oo ah, baahida cusub ee ciidda silica ee birta yar ee ay keentay galaaska photovoltaic sanadka 2021/2022 waxay xisaabin doontaa ciidda quartz guud sanadka 2020 9.2%/7.0% baahida. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo in ciidda silica ee birta yar ay kaliya qayb ka tahay baahida ciidda silica ee guud, cadaadiska saadka iyo baahida ee ciidda silica ee birta yar ay keento maalgashiga baaxadda leh ee awoodda wax soo saarka galaaska sawir-qaadista ayaa laga yaabaa inay aad uga sarreyso cadaadiska warshadaha ciidda quartz ee guud ahaan.
—Maqaal ka socda Shabakadda Budada
Waqtiga boostada: Diseembar-11-2021